EL's+Milestone+-+Build+biology+and+chemistry+knowledge+and+terminologies+in+order+to+operate+the+lab+in+effective+way.

Ø Build biology and chemistry knowledge and terminologies in order to operate the lab in effective way.
 * I have gathered biology and chemistry information that may be helpful to grasp Bioinformatics project better through creating logbook on wikispace.

Here is some information and terminologies crucial to know;


 * **Peptide bond** ||
 * A type of amide bond formed - typically - by the condensation of the a-carboxyl group of an amino acid with the a-amino group of a second amino acid. The peptide bond is planar and rigid by virtue of partial double-bond character. ||
 * **Ribonucleic acid (RNA)** ||
 * A linear polymer of nucleotide monomers (rib nucleotides) that plays a key roles in the expression of genetic information. A rib nucleotide consists of one of four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil) linked to C-1 of D-ribose, which in turn is linked to phosphate via the C-5 hydroxyl. The polymer chain is linked via phosphates bridging the C-5 and C-3 hydroxyl groups of ribose (these are denoted the 5' and 3' carbons; unprimed numbers refer to atoms on the bases). The bases thus project away from this sugar-phosphate backbone. The composition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is similar to that of RNA, except that DNA contains deoxyribose instead of ribose, and the base thymine replaces uracil.There are three main types of RNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the major component of ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is in essence a copy of the DNA of genes that encode proteins. mRNA serves as a template for ribosomal protein synthesis. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) are the smallest RNA molecules, and they serve as adaptors, bringing together activated amino acids for linkage in a polypeptide (protein) in a sequence dictated by the mRNA template. In a given organism, there are tRNAs specific for each of the 20 naturally-incorporated amino acids in proteins. ||
 * **Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)** ||
 * A long, polymeric molecule, made up of repeating units called nucleotides, DNA has a central role in biology as the carrier of genetic information. A strand of DNA is a single, covalently linked chain of nucleotides that form a sugar-phosphate backbone to which four types of bases are attached. The sugar component of DNA nucleotides is deoxyribose, thus the nucleotides that make up DNA are more precisely termed deoxyribonucleotides. The four types of bases incorporated into DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. The information carried by DNA is encoded in the sequence of bases that occur along a single strand. In this context, the bases are usually represented by single-letter abbreviations: A, C, G, T. In a DNA strand, deoxyribonucleotides are linked through a phosphate diester bridge between the 3' hydroxyl of one and the 5' hydroxyl of the next. This forms the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, which has directionality or polarity. DNA sequences are read in the 5' -> 3' direction, meaning the direction established by tracing the sugar-phosphate backbone through a single deoxyribose from its 5' position to its 3' position. ||
 * **Hydrophobic interaction** ||
 * The nonpolar regions of the molucules cluster together to present the smalles hydrophobic area to the aqueous solvent, and the polar regions are arranges to maximize their interaction with the solvent. These stable structures of amphipathic compounds in water, calles micelles, may contain hundreds or thousands of molecules. The forces that hold the nonpolar regions of the molecules together are called hydrophobic interactions. ||
 * **Plasma membrane** ||
 * The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell. Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell. At the center of the cell is the cell **nucleus**. The cell nucleus contains the cell's DNA, the genetic code that coordinates protein synthesis. In addition to the nucleus, there are many **organelles** inside of the cell - small structures that help carry out the day-to-day operations of the cell. One important cellular organelle is the **ribosome**. Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis. The transcription phase of protein synthesis takes places in the cell nucleus. After this step is complete, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the cell's ribosomes, where translation occurs. Another important cellular organelle is the **mitochondrion**. Mitochondria (many mitochondrion) are often referred to as the power plants of the cell because many of the reactions that produce energy take place in mitochondria. Also important in the life of a cell are the **lysosomes**. Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials. Below is a labelled diagram of a cell to help you identify some of these structures. ||
 * The nonpolar regions of the molucules cluster together to present the smalles hydrophobic area to the aqueous solvent, and the polar regions are arranges to maximize their interaction with the solvent. These stable structures of amphipathic compounds in water, calles micelles, may contain hundreds or thousands of molecules. The forces that hold the nonpolar regions of the molecules together are called hydrophobic interactions. ||
 * **Plasma membrane** ||
 * The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell. Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell. At the center of the cell is the cell **nucleus**. The cell nucleus contains the cell's DNA, the genetic code that coordinates protein synthesis. In addition to the nucleus, there are many **organelles** inside of the cell - small structures that help carry out the day-to-day operations of the cell. One important cellular organelle is the **ribosome**. Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis. The transcription phase of protein synthesis takes places in the cell nucleus. After this step is complete, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the cell's ribosomes, where translation occurs. Another important cellular organelle is the **mitochondrion**. Mitochondria (many mitochondrion) are often referred to as the power plants of the cell because many of the reactions that produce energy take place in mitochondria. Also important in the life of a cell are the **lysosomes**. Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials. Below is a labelled diagram of a cell to help you identify some of these structures. ||
 * The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell. Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell. At the center of the cell is the cell **nucleus**. The cell nucleus contains the cell's DNA, the genetic code that coordinates protein synthesis. In addition to the nucleus, there are many **organelles** inside of the cell - small structures that help carry out the day-to-day operations of the cell. One important cellular organelle is the **ribosome**. Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis. The transcription phase of protein synthesis takes places in the cell nucleus. After this step is complete, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the cell's ribosomes, where translation occurs. Another important cellular organelle is the **mitochondrion**. Mitochondria (many mitochondrion) are often referred to as the power plants of the cell because many of the reactions that produce energy take place in mitochondria. Also important in the life of a cell are the **lysosomes**. Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials. Below is a labelled diagram of a cell to help you identify some of these structures. ||